The Scarlet Letter Reference to Mirrors Essay Example For Students

The Scarlet Letter: Reference to Mirrors Essay Darci FordMrs. HortonEnglish III-APMonday, January 18, 1999Nathaniel Hawthorne has an adequate purpose behind over and again making reference to mirrorsthroughout his refined novel, The Scarlet Letter. The utilization of mirrors in the story serve a beneficialpurpose of giving the peruser a window to the characters soul. The fact of the matter is constantly depicted inthe creators mirrors; along these lines, his thoughtful gadgets will persistently bring up the imperfections to whomgazes in it. Hesters A has now become the most perceptible piece of her physicalfeatures, however her profound being. The impression of Pearl Prynne reveals her hard shell and bringsout the dejection, the blameless wildness, and the wild excellence inside her. ReverendDimesdales picture just transmits the dull, miserable truth of his pollutions. The looking glassNathaniel Hawthorne puts before his characters, subsequently, centers around the domains that eachbeholder endeavors to avoid their general surrou ndings. In section two while Hester is remaining on the platform, she attempts to run from reality byreminiscing of her childhood. At that point, she saw her own face, sparkling with silly beauty,and lighting up all the inside of the dim mirror wherein she had been wont to look at it. Tragically, the mirror will never again give Hester that impeccable reflection. Rather, the picture willalways take after that of the breastplate at the governors chateau in part seven, inferable from thepeculiar impact of this arched mirror, the red letter was spoken to in overstated andgigantic extents, in order to be incredibly the most unmistakable element to her appearance. Incidentally, the two images of her wrongdoing and enduring, the red letter and Pearl, are presently the mostsignificant components of her life. Hester is no longer taken a gander at as a lady in the public eye, and in themirror, she appeared to be completely holed up behind it (the red letter). Concerning her kid, that lookof wicked cheer was in like manner reflected in the mirror, with so much expansiveness and power ofeffect, that it caused Hester Prynne to feel as though it couldn't be the picture of her own kid, however of animp who was trying to form itself into Pearls shape. Pearls fiendish looks are magnifiedin the reflecting surface to remind Hester that her youngster is in actuality a piece of the discipline of hersin. When this extraordinary, elvish cast came into the childs eyes while Hester was taking a gander at herown picture in them. . . . she liked that she viewed, not her own smaller than usual representation, however anotherface, in the little dark reflection of Pearls eye. It was a face, fiendlike, loaded with grinning malignance, yetbearing the similarity of highlights that she had realized beyond any doubt, through sometimes with a smile,and never with vindictiveness in them. This is another marker in section six that Pearls presencedoes in truth frequent Hester. It additionally talk s reality that Roger Chillingworth isn't the equivalent manhe used to be, and Hester will keep on being spooky by him moreover. Nathaniel Hawthornes utilization of mirrors has an essential influence in depicting the concealed side ofPearl Prynne. In spite of the fact that Pearl has a notoriety to be of black magic and gives the peruser animpression of being a rascal, the youngster has an extremely delicate and charming soul that meanders on theother side of the reflecting surface. In section fourteen by the sea, Pearl arrived at a full stop,and peeped inquisitively into a pool, left by the resigning tide as a mirror for Pearl to see her face in. Forward peeped at her, out of the pool, with dull shimmering twists around her head and a mythical person smilein her eyes, the picture of a little house cleaner, whom Pearl, having no other companion, welcome to take herhand and run a race with her. The reflecting pool depicts Pearl as a guiltless and beautifulchild who is forlorn. That is entirely reasonable, for Pearl isn't care for different youngsters; heronly two companions are nature and her mom, Hester. In part fifteen, Pearl was a tease fancifullywith her own picture in a pool of water, enticing the ghost forward, andas it declinedventureseeking a section for herself into its circle of vague earth and out of reach sky. Before long finding be that as it may, that it is possible that she or the picture was incredible, she turned somewhere else for betterpastime. Pearls reflection is genuine, and section sixteen easily proceeds with this idea throughanother collection of waterthe creek in the woodland. Pearl looked like the creek, because of the fact that thecurrent of her life spouted from. . . . like the voice of a little youngster that was spending its infancywithout fun loving nature, and knew not how to be happy among dismal colleague and occasions ofsomber tint. As deciphered through the depiction of the creek, Pearl needed numerous simpleencumbrances growi ng up, and in this manner, needs compassion and feelings that various individualstake for conceded. In part nineteen, Pearls collusion to nature is obviously appeared as the brookchanced to shape a pool, so smooth and calm that it mirrored an ideal picture of her little figure,with all the splendid pleasantness of her magnificence, in its decoration of blossoms and wreathedfoliage, yet more refined and spiritualized than the truth. Nathaniel Hawthorne was shrewd touse the woods creek comparable to Pearl, for she is untamed like the backwoods. Expanding from thatwild blessing inside Pearl, the rage she is constrained to help is additionally lustered through the creek thatflows underneath her. Found in the creek, again, was the shadowy anger of Pearls image,crowned and supported with blossoms, however stepping its foot, fiercely motioning, and, in the middle ofit all, despite everything pointing its little index finger at Hesters chest! The speculum uncovers the hard truththat Pearl i s a piece of the red letter, and that she feels genuinely nonexistent when sherealizes her mom had surrendered the insignia on the ground. The frail mortality of Reverend Dimesdale is additionally portrayed by Nathaniel Hawthornesexercise of mirrors all through the novel. In part eleven, Arthur is urgent to flush away hissins and assimilate exemplary nature once more into his spirit. He kept vigils, similarly, after a long time after night. . . . .uae482822879879fcb15a4189b714e051 , .uae482822879879fcb15a4189b714e051 .postImageUrl , .uae482822879879fcb15a4189b714e051 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .uae482822879879fcb15a4189b714e051 , .uae482822879879fcb15a4189b714e051:hover , .uae482822879879fcb15a4189b714e051:visited , .uae482822879879fcb15a4189b714e051:active { border:0!important; } .uae482822879879fcb15a4189b714e051 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uae482822879879fcb15a4189b714e051 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uae482822879879fcb15a4189b714e051:active , .uae482822879879fcb15a4189b714e051:hover { darkness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uae482822879879fcb15a4189b714e051 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: rel ative; } .uae482822879879fcb15a4189b714e051 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-design: underline; } .uae482822879879fcb15a4189b714e051 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uae482822879879fcb15a4189b714e051 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .uae482822879879fcb15a4189b714e051:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uae482822879879fc b15a4189b714e051 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uae482822879879fcb15a4189b714e051-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uae482822879879fcb15a4189b714e051:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Good Ancestors Like Dandelions Essay We will compose a custom exposition on The Scarlet Letter: Reference to Mirrors explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now at times, seeing his own face in a mirror, by the most remarkable light which he couldthrow upon it. Lamentably, Nathaniel Hawthornes mirrors show no benevolence. He thustypified the consistent reflection wherewith he tormented, however couldn't cleanse, himself. Littledoes Arthur realize that the mirror is just capacities as a device to speak to truth, and inactuality, the reverend isn't cleared of his transgressions. The extremely constrained light that sparkles onto thelooking glass is utilized to consume profound into the priests soul, handle the dishonorable mystery he hideswithin his heart, and sparkle the results back in his face again and again. In theselengthened vigils, his mind frequently reeled and dreams appeared to flutter before him maybe seendoubtfully, and by their very own swoon light, in the remote duskiness of the chamber, or morevividly, and close adjacent to him, inside the mirror. Reverend Dimesdale attempted to overcomethese awful pictures, yet he couldnt batt le the way that they were, in one sense, the most genuine andmost significant things which the poor pastor currently managed. The mirror franklyreveals that Reverend Dimesdales presence presently depends on the anguish in his deepest soul. Inside The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne investigates his fundamental characters distinctionsthrough his utilization of mirrors. By utilizing this gadget of symbolism, the peruser of the novel can easilygrasp Nathaniel Hawthornes dull assessments of the world, man, culture and their relati

The Corruption of Ambition free essay sample

The Corruption of Ambition The craving for a type of overwhelming accomplishment: the yearning for influence, riches, respect, and notoriety push numerous individuals to carry out extraordinary things yet can ask others to do deadly acts. The individuals who endeavor to do the unbelievable just to fulfill their desire frequently make crushing catastrophes. William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Julius Caesar shows how aspiration urges individuals to carry out abominable things. The aspiration Caesar conveys lead the plotters to address whether he is an outright ruler; they dread that Caesar can possibly turn into a dictator, so they plot to topple him.During the Lepercal celebrations a seer came to Caesar saying, â€Å"‘Beware the ides of March,’ [Caesar answers to all] ‘He is a visionary, let us leave him. Pass’† (829). Caesar’s desire to turn into the most influential man he can be prompts him figuring nothing can transpire on account of his high status; making him oblivious. We will compose a custom paper test on The Corruption of Ambition or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Overlooking this admonition is a case of how his desire causes obliviousness; his numbness prompts his demise. Later on, when Caesar sees Cassius, he says to Mark Anthony, â€Å"‘Let me have men about me that are fat, smooth headed men and, for example, rest an evenings. Yond Cassius has a lean and hungry look; He thinks excessively; such men are dangerous’† (835). Caesar inclines toward sluggardly, sound men that don't thoroughly consider a lot of the individuals who are lean, hungry men that think excessively; at the end of the day Caesar favors stupid men over savvy men Saying that lean individuals who think a lot of are hazardous men is a case of how Caesar’s desire can be oppressive. After Caesar was offered the crown, Brutus asks Casca â€Å"‘Was the crown offered him threefold? ’ [Casca replies] ‘Ay, wed, was’t, and he put it by threefold, every time gentler than the other; and at each putting by mine legitimate neighbors shouted’† (836).This could be deciphered just like a demonstration of lowliness. In any case, truly Caesar’s pernicious aspiration keeps on being exhibited every single time he contemplates whether to put the crown down. On the off chance that Caesar would hav e been offered the crown again definitely he would have acknowledged; this would have brought about a dictator ruler. Aspiration is the essential rousing variable for the plotters to ascend and plot Caesar’s murder. Brutus has extraordinary aspiration to do what he accepts is only for the individuals of Rome; acknowledging Caesar can be a potential danger to this equity, Brutus joined the schemers in their plot to murder Caesar.Alone, Brutus discloses to himself why Caesar must pass on: â€Å"‘It must be by his demise; and as far as concerns me I realize no close to home reason to reject at him, yet for the general good’† (Act 2 Scene 1 Lines 10-12). Brutus will do what he accepts is directly for the individuals; in any event, killing Caesar. The passing of Caesar will stop a potential despot and a conclusion to any conceivable risk to the individuals. After Caesar’s murder, Brutus tells the individuals that the explanation that he rose against Caesar was, â€Å"‘Not that I adored Caesar less, however that I cherished Rome more’â€Å"(Act 3 Scene 2 Line 22).This epitomizes how Brutus’ desire makes him a conniving man by selling out Caesar. His inc redible love for the individuals makes aspiration in Brutus; asking himself to do anything to benefit the individuals of Rome. Proceeding with his discourse, Brutus says, â€Å"‘As Caesar cherished me, I sob for him; as he was blessed, I cheer at it; as he was valiant, I respect him; be that as it may, as he was yearning, I slew him. ’† (Act 3 Scene 2 lines 23-25) Brutus kills Caesar since he is aggressive while never acknowledging he himself is yearning. He bites the dust accepting he made the right decision for the people.Although Brutus slaughtered Caesar to benefit the everyday citizens, Cassius killed him in light of his scorn and desire toward Caesar. The scorn and envy Cassius has for Caesar develops into aspiration for his passing. After a discussion with Brutus, Cassius discloses to himself how he will convince Brutus to turn out to be a piece of the Conspirators, â€Å"‘I will this night, In a few hands, in at his window toss, As on the off chance that they originated from a few residents, Writings, all watching out for the incredible supposition That Rome holds of his na me; wherein indistinctly Caesar’s aspiration will be looked at’† (Act 1 Scene 2 lines 11-16).By convincing Brutus to turn out to be a piece of the plotters, Cassius would have an entirely decent man supporting them. The individuals of Rome would see that Brutus is on the conspirator’s side and they likewise would be supportive of Caesar’s passing. Talking on the shamefulness of what is Caesar, Cassius tells Brutus, â€Å"‘Why, man, he doth straddle the limited world Like a Colossus, and we unimportant men Walk under his enormous legs and peep going To get ourselves offensive graves’† (833). The desire that has Cassius embodies his aspiration to be equivalent to Caesar.The desire inside Cassius drives him to open to Brutus the profane side of Caesar; Cassius does this since he needs Brutus to join the backstabbers in their plot to execute Caesar. Cassius proceeds with a discourse he expectations will push Brutus in the connivance: â€Å"‘Men sooner or later are bosses of their destinies. The flaw, dear Brutus, isn't in our stars But in ourselves, that we are underlings’† (833). Brutus was at last influenced into seeking after the homicide of C aesar; it was all in the clear name of equity. Notwithstanding, reality once more, lay in the underhanded and self serving aspiration exemplified all through Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. Genuinely the numerous terrible deeds exhibited in The Tragedy of Julius Caesar are brought about by the defilement of aspiration. As aspiration develops, the sincere want for an accomplishment, respect, riches, and influence turns into a profoundly inspiring component in oneself. As Rebecca Miller once said â€Å"Ambition can be a sickness, and it benefits from itself. †

Writing is Magic

Writing is Magic I have a personal blog that I write about my teenagers and I haven’t updated it lately. It’s not because I’m tired of writing- I’m not. And it certainly isn’t because of a lack of material. I have more material than ever lately with one kid on his way to college and the other on his way to a special arts program for his junior year. It’s because writing is hard. Some of you brilliant prospective MIT students know exactly what I mean. Writing well often means “being in the flow” and if you are not there, it’s kind of like plodding uphill knee-deep in mud on a hot humid day. Who wants to do that? When I do an info session for prospective students, I like to mention that there is a writing requirement here at MIT. To some of you, I know, that is not good news. But hopefully most of you already know how valuable it can be to learn to write and express yourself this way. My son has a pile of graduation thank you notes to write and I already know why he isn’t getting to them. He isn’t sure how to start. I have the same feeling when I look at my personal blog and realize it’s been months now without a new post. Where to begin again? But here is some advice for those of you worried about writing, or worried about writing your application essays this fall, or worried about writing a paper in college. (Yes, you will have to write at MIT even if you are a math and physics lover and were hoping to never experience that particular agony of the blank page ever again.) I have some good news. Writing is magic. Take a look at what one member of the MIT faculty, Nick Montfort, has done by merging his interests in puzzles and computer games with poetry. Think you don’t have a single idea, nothing to say? Just start writing. The process of writing is what creates the ideas. Sure, it’s ok to start with a few in your head and see what happens to them as you begin. But if you start with a blank mind, just the act of writing anything will get them to come. In my writing group we do an exercise when we all first assemble together. Before the socializing and advice sharing gets underway, we write. We put pen to paper the old fashioned way for 15 minutes. We might get a subject prompt, a first line of inspiration, or the suggestion of setting or theme, but the one rule is to create something with a beginning, a middle, and an end before the 15 minutes is up. True, sometimes you don’t create a masterpiece you wish to read aloud, but most of the time you are amazed to see that you have a written a story, an essay, or a finished poem. Most of the time, it’s actually something you can be proud of too, and in 15 minutes, really. It happens all the time.

Hamlets Change in Philosophy - 1344 Words

Hamlet is an intensely cerebral character marked by a desire to think things through and pick situations apart. As such, for the first three and a half scenes of Hamlet, Hamlet broods over his father’s death instead of taking action against Claudius, his father’s murderer. Hamlet finally acts because he experiences three intense emotional jolts that allow him to view his situation from a new perspective and spur him to action. Together, these emotional experiences alter his personal philosophy about the nature of death and God’s relationship with creation, and compel him to finally take decisive action. Hamlet arguably takes his first bold action when he stabs Polonius through the arras. However, this is not the beginning of†¦show more content†¦6-11) Hamlet’s rash action serves him well, as he avoids imminent death upon arrival in England. This quote represents a complete reversal of Hamlet’s philosophy regarding action and the nature of God. In Act I, scene 2, Hamlet makes his concept of God quite clear: he feels God has let creation to go to seed, and removed Himself from active involvement in the world. NEED QUOTE HERE – weed the garden? This philosophy laid the groundwork for Hamlet’s inaction. If God is not willing or available to help shape circumstances on earth for the better, all human action must be considered and weighed so as to achieve the best outcome. If God is involved in the world, we can leave some of that consideration up to Providence, and be assured that He will shape our â€Å"rough-hewn ends† for the better. This posture obviously encourages swift, ill-considered action. Hamlet comes to this revelation through his intense fear of death. Hamlet’s final revelation comes when he returns to Elsinore. As he and Horatio walk through the woods, they come across a gravedigger preparing a new grave. Hamlet discovers that one of the skulls the gravedigger plucked out of the ground is that of the old court jester, Yorick. As he gazesShow MoreRelatedSpeech on Hamlet869 Words   |  4 PagesHowever, it is the ideas that change over time and place, as new ideas are raised and consided †¢ These new ideas of literature are discovered by the audience’s interpretation of the characters through the influences of the composer’s perspectives and language of the play. †¢ William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is an example of how ideas are raised over time, as the literature itself remains the same. †¢ The unraveling plot of Hamlet depicts morality and philosophy as themes that are illustratedRead MoreUpsetting the Social Order during Hamlet Created Disruption Essay1259 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Elizabethan era, the philosophy that established social order was known as the â€Å"Concept of Order†, stating that everything had its own place and contributed to a certain position. 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He battles with his mind through soliloquys, he overhears himself speaking, and he always questions himself and the world because he is unable to accept any belief. It is not until the last act that he comes to any conclusion: an acceptance of fatalism, a philosophy that states that all events are driven by

Persuasive Against School Uniforms - 1011 Words

Students clothing generally does not disrupt education in schools and therefore should have the right to choose their outfits. Students use clothing as an outlet for self-expression and as part of their identity. Advocates for uniforms are convinced that uniforms are effective, however; forcing students to wear uniforms has a negative impact on academic achievement. School uniforms are not beneficial to students education in the public school. School uniforms withhold students the opportunity to have creativity and self-expression. Judy Park in her article Do School Uniforms Lead to Uniform Minds?: School Uniforms and Appearance Restrictions in Korean Middle Schools and High Schools remarks that school uniforms do not allow students to†¦show more content†¦By making young girls wear skirts they must become aware of how they sit and move about. They must be conscious about sitting with their legs together to not expose any undergarments. In addition to paying attention to sitting, they must be aware of their movements. Bending over to pick something up could expose undergarments so they must think how they move for everyday activities. Requiring Skirts part of the uniform schools sends a negative message to young girls to be mindful of their bodies and make sure they do not distract men. There is an unclear division for girls between what is acceptable and what is not in public schools. On one hand, young women claim that schools are excessively harsh with their dress code policies. However, young women are also disapproving of clothing that is revealing. Rebecca Raby in her article Tank Tops Are Ok but I Dont Want to See Her Thong Girls Engagements with Secondary School Dress Codes claims that dress codes are gendered often only applying to the young women in schools (Raby 2). Many schools implement uniforms to solve this problem with the dress code. By giving all young women in schools the same outfit they eliminate issues with deciding what is acceptable and what is not. When everyone dresses the same girls cannot be labeled based on what they are wearing. With any rules, there are issues of people not following them. In this instance schools have problems with young women not following the dress code. ManyShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Against School Uniforms716 Words   |  3 Pagesyou think school uniforms will help your child not become bullied? Well, you’re wrong. Studies are showing that school uniforms are beginning to cause bullying instead of preventing it. School uniforms are becoming a bigger and bigger problem in today’s society. They are very expensive, they do not allow students to express themselves, and they are not helpful for students to try and find out who they are. On average parents will pay close to $300 per child every year for school uniforms. StudentsRead MoreSchool Uniforms are Essential: Dealing With Discrimination and Upholding Individuality1519 Words   |  7 Pagesthe psychological level of self-identification, bring this deceptive notion of fashion and social classes to school. The problem comes when this trend affects the performance of students and their personal lives. We all remember our days back when the talk was â€Å"Who are the jocks, the cheerleaders, the rick kids, the geeks, the losers, etcetera?† Believe it or not, the status quo in schools is always composed of them. These cliques have identities exclusive for each. Students who do not look, act,Read MoreDo School Uniform Have An Effect On Students Academic Achievement?1273 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Research question: Do school uniform have an effect on students academic achievement ? - What do school uniforms mean to students? -What are the pros and cons of having school uniform? - What is the effect it has on students? This research starts with the hypothesis: there is no relationship between uniform and student academic achievement. This main research topic is divided into three subtopics above to address the main question gradually. The aim for conducting this researchRead MoreThe Implementation Of School Uniforms1243 Words   |  5 Pagesdebated upon is the implementation of school uniforms. In the United States, school uniforms have become more and more widespread. Although, some schools disagree with the requirement of a school uniform and decide to require a school dress code instead. The pros and cons of a school uniform are very controversial. Deciding whether a school uniform should be implemented is not a black and white issue. Arguments to support school uniforms state that school uniforms create an altogether better environmentRead MoreSchool Uniforms: Dealing With Discrimination Upholding Individuality1647 Words   |  7 PagesHigh School Musical, one flip on Seventeen Magazine, and one walk at a school hallway are all it takes to make a student be aware of how hell it feels like to be stared at and insulted by the other students if he/she wears this humongous thick glasses, knee-high socks, and clothes repeated last week. Media has influenced a lot of today’s trends and ideologies. Adolescents, being on the psychological level of self-identification, bring this perspective of fashion and social classes at school. TheRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Mandatory?1561 Words   |  7 Pages Casondra Garrison Whetstine Eng. 207 Persuasive Essay 11/02/2015 Students in Secondary Schools should be Required to Wear Uniforms No matter what you dress students in, they will always find a way to pass judgement upon their peers, but it how to get children to realize it’s whats on the inside that matters not the outside. Yes, I believe it starts with the parents, but also it’s schools that need to teach the children as well. It s not based upon the style of clothes worn there are many otherRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Michelle Obamas Speech900 Words   |  4 Pagesand persuade her audience. In her Speech, Michelle Obama uses anaphora; the regular repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive sentences or phrases, to create a more persuasive and alluring speech. Mrs. Obama used anaphora in several sections of her speech and the most persuasive area where it was used is, â€Å"Barack and I think about every day as we try to guide and protect our girls through the challenges of this unusual life in the spotlight, how we urge them to ignoreRead MoreHitlers Success in Winning the Hearts and Minds of Youths Essay1145 Words   |  5 Pagesto make their decisions, Hitler showed that he wasn’t succeeding in his Youth campaign. Other evidence that implies Hitler did not successfully win over the hearts or minds of all youths is the youth organisations set up to rebel against Nazi ideology. An example of this kind of organisation, are the Edelweiss Pirates who objected to Hitler’s rule. 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One of her most well-known works, entitled A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was a persuasive essay pleading the g overnment for state-regulated education for girls. Her father was also a radical political philosopher and novelist and despised the entire institution of marriage. ( ) With all of this behind her, it is an easy assumption to

How Do Search Engines Work - 1125 Words

Introduction: This report relates to the topic of security of information. Information can easily be transported through multiple online platforms, resulting in personal information being able to be accessed by the public on websites such as Google. This report will identify the issues that can occur, implications and strategies for solving these issues. How And Why This Happens: how do search engines work Google and the internet work together to generate links in the Google search engine so that people are able to access and find what they are looking for more easily. However, Google itself does not have the power to keep or delete files. The links featured on Google relate back to information hosted on websites that Google provide links to (DeleteMe, 2016). Once the source of information is no longer available, it is no longer featured in the Google search engine results. Google has the largest growing collection of personal data from individuals regarding the content they create and view, search history, websites visited and Ads people have viewed. Online tools really aren t free. We pay for them with micropayments of personal information, says Greg Conti† (PCWorld, 2016). Potential Issues: Google receives requests on a regular basis from law enforcement and courts worldwide for the purpose of solving criminal activity, and records all user s information and how they use the internet for this purpose. Requests from law enforcement for users data increasesShow MoreRelatedRole of Search Engines in Modern Technology Essay656 Words   |  3 Pagesother is search engines. Search engines are part of the reason the web is growing so rapidly. Search engines have many capabilities from using key words or phrases to find what you are looking for to using general statements to browse the web. But what exactly is a search engine? 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Search engines provide a way for one to quickly and efficiently find information scattered across the enormous network of servers known as the World Wide Web. Imagine having to search through the millions of websites just to find something as simple as a recipe for a sandwich! While at first the science behind search engines may sound like a foreign language, the GIST of the matter is basically as follows: the search engineRead MoreSearch Engine Optimization ( Seo )1491 Words   |  6 PagesSearch Engine Optimization (SEO) refers to a range of integrated techniques with the goal of securing higher Organic Search rankings (results on the left hand side of the page when one search for a specific keywords on the search engine) on the search engine for keywords/key phrases (Jaegel and Smyth). SEO is the process of affecting the visibility of a website or web page in a search engine’s unpaid results- often referred to as organic results (Wikipedia). According to Rohde, the SEO is a ways

Statement of Purpose Management

Question: why you want to pursue a graduate business degree at this point in time. You may also include your related qualifications, including collegiate, professional, and community activities, and any other substantial accomplishments not already mentioned in the application. You may explain any academic inconsistencies as part of your statement or as an addendum. Answer: Statement of Purpose It says, you can become what you truly want to become. From early age I wanted to be in business. When I took this decision for my career the world was getting shaped by technology and computers. It was foreseen that, in future, computers will be everywhere and will do many jobs. That was true. We are sharing out lives with technology and computers now. So, I decided to learn computer back then. Because I did not wanted to lag behind the race. I completed my Bachelors with honors in Software Engineering in 2007, from Coventry University, United Kingdom. I had learned computer technologies like C#, Microsoft Office Suite, Project management applications, Microsoft Visio, Microsoft Visual Basic etc. from there. Then I started my professional career as AML Analyst at Anti-Money Laundering Department of National commercial Bank at Jeddah, KSA in 2008. In 2011 I switched to Compliance Division of National commercial Bank as Compliance Monitoring Officer in the same place. I have a Certified Compliance Officer Certification from AAFM. In 2012, I left my job. I further worked with a non-profitable organization called Blue Ridge wildlife Center and helped them design a network stricture for their new building. Currently I am preparing for Project Management Professional Certification Examination that will be held in summer 2015. I am currently pursuing my Bachelor degree in Business Administration from Shenandoah University, United states. It is expected to get completed by 2015. At Shenandoah University, I am utilizing my knowledge gathered from my past experience in professional fields. I have also applied for Masters of Science in Information Systems Technology. I future I want to expand my professional career in Information technology and business administration. I have learned from my previous experiences that these two are complementary fields, I wont be able to excel in either without having knowledge about another. That is why I am back to academics. I can speak fluent English and poses good communication skills. I am humble, positive minded and always ready to learn new things.

1. The Eyes Whispers I Love You Dear, The Lips Move, No Words Appear,

1. "The eyes whispers I love you dear, the lips move, no words appear, when your love is true, sincere and real, what the lips hide, the eyes reveal." 2. "I'm glad friendship doesn't come with price tags. For if it did, I would never afford someone great as you. Thanks for being my friend." 3. "In life, try not to expect anything from anybody. This way, you won't be disappointed if they don't live up to your expectations. Accept any blessings with a smile." 4. "The more friends you have, the more treasure you have. That's why I want to make friends. Can I?" 5. "No special season, no special reason...just taking the time to say I'm glad you're my friend!" 6. "The miracle of friendship speaks from one heart to another, listens for unspoken needs, recognizes secret dreams, understands silent things." 7. "You can close your eyes on things you want to see, but you can never close your heart on things you don't want to hear." 8. "Seems like the only time I see you near is when I close my eyes. Should I keep it that way? Because it's the only way I can make you stay." 9. "When we get hurt, it is one way that God is telling us that not all that's painful is bad or wrong. We get hurt so we would never hurt others the way we were hurt." 10 . "A friend is the voice when you can't speak, the strength when you're weak, the hope when you're sad and the joy when you're gloomy." 11. "Dance like nobody's watching. Sing like nobody's listening. Love like you'll never get hurt. Live like it's heaven on earth." 12. "This much I know is true, that God blessed the broken road that lead me straight to you." 13. "When I saw you, I was afraid to look at you. When I looked at you , I was afraid to touch you. When I touched you, I was afraid to kiss you. When I kissed you, I was afraid to love you and now I love you, I'm afraid to lose you." 14. "Love is not something we hold; it's something we set free; it's not something we don't imagine to be; lastly it's not something we choose; it chooses us." 15. "Friends are like puzzles, if one goes away, that special piece can never be replaced and the puzzle will never be whole again." 16. "If you believe in destiny, in soul mates, in love at first sight, in eternal love... I bet you still single. But it could be worth the wait." 17. "Don't be afraid to say I love you to the one you love for it might be too late to say once you feel like saying it for he/she has found the comfort of hearing it from someone else." 18. "Material things may come and go. Not all things could stay for long but this I assure you. No matter how lone yours pass, A friend will always be a friend." 19. "If kisses were water, I'd give you a sea. If hugs were leaves, I'd give you a tree. If spaces were love, I'd give you eternity, and if you are true and sincere to me, I'll keep all my love for thee." 20. "I may not be as close as your friends, nor be the best like your best friend. When in trouble, I may not be the perfect person you can run to but hey! I'm still around to be a friend." 21. "In my eyes, I saw a friend. In my mind, I thought of a friend. In my sleep, I dreamt of a friend. In my heart, I keep a friend...I keep you and I'll keep you till the end." 22. "Life has a way of changing things but not the joy that friendship brings, for friendship is like the warming sun, makes each new day a brighter one." 23. "Life ain't easy. You always have to be wrong to learn what is right, stumble to persevere, hurt to be stronger, fall to rise again, lose to try harder and love to pursue them all."

What Football Ought to Be.

What Football Ought to Be. Free Online Research Papers They’re all still just people, playing the same exact game; football, for the same exact goal; to win a championship, for the same reason; uhh†¦no not for the same reasons. The reasons why each play the game is the main reason professional football has taken a backseat to collegiate football; because college football is what football ought to be. In professional football, you have many effects that take away from the game itself, whereas in college football you have the game, and the love for the game†¦and people see that. In 2005 the top paid player in the NFL was Michael Vick at $ 37.5 million. Sure, not every professional football player makes that much but they still make quite a bit (Who is the highest paid athlete†¦).The average salary in the NFL is approximately $1.18 million dollars a year, not bad considering someone with a job that pays six figures is considered rich. If that’s rich what does that make these guys? The worst part of this is that there are 57 players on a team†¦only about 35-40 actually get in the game (Howstuffworks *fact site).That means that the other 10-15 players are getting paid unbelievable figures for just looking good in uniform, I guess. Now don’t get me wrong it’s not the amount of money they make that deters fans from watching them, no, it’s the fact that some players aren’t happy making millions, upon millions of dollars. To me I can’t stand greed, especially greed for more when you’re already making more money then 95 percent of the people in America. In contrast to that, the highest paid college player is currently suspended†¦for getting paid. Training Camp is a staple of the National Football League, every year around the middle of July, camps begin to open, but that’s rarely the big news. No, it’s the most recent big name hold out, the players who now says they aren’t getting paid what they deserve and won’t step onto the field until they get it. The first thing wrong with that is who’s to say what they’re worth, especially when they’re already technically â€Å"worth† a hell of a lot more then any everyday worker in America. There are many examples of holdouts in the NFL and all of them happen the exact same way. The player and his agent decide they want more money, and then the player just doesn’s show up until their agent and the team’s front office work out a deal suitable to the player. The whole process is quite sickening when you actually sit down and think about it. In 2005, Terrell Owens and agent Drew Rosenhaus decided that the Philadel phia Eagles weren’t paying him enough; the previous year he earned about $9 million, so he held out from training camp. The Eagles organization did exactly what they should have done, nothing, they made Owens and Rosenhaus search for other ways out. To me that’s just unbelievable, the guy made $9 million and he wasn’t happy, just about any other person in America would be ecstatic to make even half of that, but he wasn’t (Beil). So, obviously pro football players are quite a different breed compared to collegiate football players. There is a reason the word student comes first in student-athlete. They go to school, they do homework, they take tests, and then they play football. That has got to be one of the toughest things to do, continue to work hard everyday in school and afterwards go and work as hard as they can at football. Without a doubt these people want to play football and they clearly love the game. What other reason could you give why they do what they do, because only a very, very few percentage of college players actually are drafted into the NFL and make lots of money. It’s not like football is their job, no, school is their job, and football is just their passion. The biggest positive about the student-athlete is players are subject to become academically ineligible. This ensures that they keep up their grades and don’t get too focused on just football, because school is the most important thing. That in itself sends a great message to the youth of America, especially the ones playing sports in high school and earlier. The NFL doesn’t influence the youth of America as much as the college does†¦at least not in the good ways. Although deep down the college game is a more pure form of football, that doesn’t always mean it’s more popular. It won’t be, it won’t ever be more watched than the NFL just because it’s the NFL. That means something apparently, but that doesn’t stop the hordes of fans making the switch over to the collegiate game. The 2006 Rose Bowl was the highest rated college football game since 1987 at 21.7 and total of 93,986 people attended the game. Not only that game had a huge turn-out, overall the average TV rating for the bowl season increased by 15 percent (BCSfootball TV Ratings). For college games that’s good because there is no chance they will be able to pass up the NFL’ s Super Bowl. Most consider the Super Bowl the biggest television event of the year. This past Super Bowl garnered 141.4 million viewers, second only to the 1981 series finale of M*A*S*H (Press). The NFL, unlike college football, is a television monster . You can’t escape it, they’ve cornered the televisoin market. They pretty much own Sunday’s and everybody waits for Monday night’s. It’s not because the NFL is more enjoyable to watch or because it’s the only game on. It’s because in NFL team’s budgets is a very big spot for marketing and television related media. Universities do not spend any money advertising their sports teams; you never see commercials on collegiate athletic programs, just their school as an academic instituition, that’s because they take the money and put it into their academics†¦.the thing that REALLY matters. To tell the truth college football will never, ever get the television ratings that the NFL gets. The NFL is a business. Their business†¦football, and they take it seriously, too seriously. The players get too greedy when it comes to their money and they let the business part of the game spill over into the actual game of football. When that happens it’s no longer just a game, the players are no longer playing for pride and love of the game. They’re playing for a paycheck, they’re playing for fame, and they’re playing for themselves. Those student-athletes playing college football, they don’t play for money, because they can’t get paid. They don’t play for fame, most play at schools no one’s ever heard of. They DO play for pride, they play for school pride. It’s their school, they’ll forever call it their school, and will want to leave a legacy. Everyday they go to class, do their work, and go to pra ctice. They play football for pure love of the game, they play because they want to, they play football because it is the greates team sport ever, and they know that. People notice that, everytime you watch a college game you can tell those kids love the game, but when someone watches an NFL game or hear news concerning a player you wonder. They wonder why they play the game, because it’s not for the same reasons the college players play, the real reasons you should play, which make college football what real football ought to be. Research Papers on What Football Ought to Be.The Hockey GameThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is ArtPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyCapital PunishmentTwilight of the UAWMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part OneAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaLifes What Ifs

Critical analysis of a case scenario from CaseWorld Essay

Critical analysis of a case scenario from CaseWorld - Essay Example pains while she was doing her dishes in the morning.In Mrs Elizabeth Green’s case, most of the risk factors are presented in her history, including genetic outcomes. In the case study, the family history reveals that Mrs Green’s mother suffered from cardiac disease, and artery blockages run in the family. However, despite knowledge of potential risk factors, the role of genetics cannot be confirmed with certainty, as genetic testing on this front is not yet available. It is more likely that Mrs Green will develop notable adverse outcomes after the coronary angioplasty, including neurovascular complications and stroke. According to the clinical guidelines of the Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, monitoring the neurovascular status of a patient is mandatory in order to ensure that neurovascular compromise or deterioration is recognized early. The clinical guidelines define neurovascular as the overall functioning and structural formation of the combined nervous and vascular systems. Delays in recognizing a loss of neurovascular function post–coronary angioplasty could result in a loss of limbs, permanent deficits or even death. For an RN or clinical facility, such outcomes could constitute clinical negligence, which could lead to law suits against the facility for professional negligence or even ethical disciplinary proceedings by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia for failing to provide nursing care according to documented treatment or care plans. Indeed, the board’s national competency standards for RNs require them to use all available evidence, including report s, records and personal experience or knowledge, for the provision and coordination of care. The standard nursing practice is to provide neurovascular assessment and observation for patients who have some form of musculoskeletal trauma or are in the post-operative stages of health care. According to the case, Mrs Green had just undergone cardiac catheterization. According to

Investigating the use of enatomology in criminal investigations Essay

Investigating the use of enatomology in criminal investigations - Essay Example an insect’s development can be affected by a number of factors such as heat, water, fire etc. Also the time necessary before eggs are deposited will vary according to the species and may also be affected by the fact that groups are genetically and geographically different e.g. results in an English winter will be very different from those in a Florida swamp even if the species concerned is the same. Certain species of fly prefer urban, rather than rural environments, so for instance a body found invaded by such fly larvae in a rural situation may well mean that the person was killed in the city and the body subsequently dumped. Jerry Butler, an American forensic entomologist, reports that he uses mainly evidence from five species of flies, in his investigations. Taxonomy originally referred to the identifying and naming of living organisms, and the system of doing this in a scientific way was originally devised by Linnaeus though the system has been much expanded since . Butler claims that if particular flies are found and identified correctly and the ambient temperature is known then the time of death can be determined fairly exactly if the body is found quickly enough. The successful investigation may depend upon the correct analysis of material evidence found and in a case where a body has been undiscovered for some time this will include entomological evidence e.g. have fly eggs been laid and had time to hatch? In case II ( see appendix)the forensic entomologist was able to work backwards from the time that adult flies emerged in order to discover when the first eggs were laid. In Case I ( see appendix ) the instars were at stage 3 i.e they had at least 1517 accumulated degree hours. In the case of the child behind the stove the creatures were fully developed Knowing the times that takes may lead to being able to pinpoint the time the body was

Exploring Optimal Levels of Data Filtering

Exploring Optimal Levels of Data Filtering It is customary to filter raw financial data by removing erroneous observations or outliers before conducting any analysis on it. In fact, it is often one of the first steps undertaken in empirical financial research to improve the quality of raw data to avoid incorrect conclusions. However, filtering of financial data can be quite complicated not just because of the reliability of the plethora of data sources, complexity of the quoted information and the many different statistical properties of the variables but most importantly because of the reason behind the existence of each identified outlier in the data. Some outliers may be driven by extreme events which have an economic reason like a merger, takeover bid, global financial crises etc. rather than a data error. Under filtering can lead to inclusion of erroneous observations (data error) caused by technical (e.g. computer system failure) or human error (e.g. unintentional human error like typing mistake or intentional human err or like producing dummy quotes for testing).[1] Likewise, over filtering can also lead to wrong conclusions by deleting outliers motivated by extreme events which are important to the analysis. Thus, the question of the right amount of filtering of financial data, albeit subjective, is quite important to improve the conclusions from empirical research. In an attempt to somewhat answer this question, this seminar paper aims to explore the optimal level of data filtering.[2] The analysis conducted in this paper was on the Xetra Intraday data provided by the University of Mannheim. This time-sorted data for the entire Xetra universe had been extracted from the Deutsche Bà ¶rse Group. The data consisted of the historical CDAX components that had been collected from Data stream, Bloomberg and CDAX. Bloombergs corporate actions calendar had been used to track dates of IPO listing, delisting and ISIN changes of companies. Corporations not covered by Bloomberg had been tracked manually. Even though few basic filters had been applied (for e.g. dropping negative observations for spread/depth/volume), some of which were replicated from Market Microstructure Database File, the data remained largely raw. The variables in the data had been calculated for each day and the data aggregated to daily data points.[3] The whole analysis was conducted using the statistical software STATA. The following variables were taken into consideration for the purpose of identifying outliers, as commonly done in empirical research: Depth = depth_trade_value Trading volume = trade_vol_sum Quoted bid-ask spread = quoted_trade_value Effective bid-ask spread = effective_trade_value Closing quote midpoint returns, which were calculated by applying Hussain (2011) approach: rt = 100*(log (Pt) log (Pt1)) Hence, closing_quote_midpoint_rlg = 100*log(closing_quote_midpoint(n)) log(closing_quote_midpoint(n-1)). Where closing_quote_midpoint = (closing_ask_price+ closing_bid_price)/2 Our sample consisted of the first fifteen hundred and ninety five observations, out of which two hundred observations were outliers. Only the first two hundred outliers were analyzed (on a stock basis chronologically) and classified as either data errors or extreme events. These outliers were associated with two companies: 313 Music JWP AG and 3U Holding AG. Alternatively, a different approach could have been used to select the sample to include more companies but the basics of how filters work should be independent of the sample selected for the filter to be free of any biases so for instance if a filter is robust, it should perform relatively well on any stock or sample. It should be noted that we did not include any bankrupt companies in our sample as those stocks are beyond the scope of this paper. Moreover, since we selected the sample chronologically on a stock basis, we were able to analyze the impact of these filters more thoroughly on even the non-outlier observations in the sample, which we believe is an important point to consider when deciding the optimal level of filtering. Our inevitably somewhat subjective definition of an outlier was: Any observation lying outside the 1st and the 99th percentile of each variable on a stock basis The idea behind this was to classify only the most extreme values for each variable of interest as an outlier. The reason why the outliers were identified on a per stock basis rather than the whole data was because the data consisted of many different stocks with greatly varying levels of each variable of interest for e.g. the 99% percentile of volume for one stock might be seventy thousand trades, while that of another might be three fifty thousand trades and so any observations with eighty thousand trades in both stocks might be too extreme for the first stock but completely normal for the second one. Hence, if we identified outliers (outside the 1st and the 99th percentile) for each variable of interest on the whole data, we would be ignoring the unique properties of each stock which might result in under or over filtering depending on the properties of the stock in question. An outlier could either be the result of a data error or an extreme event. A data error was defined using Dacorogna (2008) definition: An outlier that does not conform to the actual condition of the market The ninety four observations in the selected sample with missing values for any of the variables of interest were also classified as data errors.[4] Alternatively, we could have ignored the missing values completely by dropping them from the analysis but the reason why they were included in this paper was because if they exist in the data sample, the researcher has to deal with them by deciding whether to consider them as data errors, which are to be removed through filters or change them for e.g. to the preceding value and hence it might be of value to see how various filters interact with them. An extreme event was defined as: An outlier backed by economic, social or legal reasons such as a merger, global financial crises, share buyback, major law suit etc. The outliers were identified, classified and analyzed in this paper using the following procedure: Firstly, the intraday data was sorted on a stock-date basis. Observations without an instrument name were dropped. This was followed by creating variables for the 1st and 99th percentile value for each stocks closing quote midpoint returns, depth, trading volume, quoted and effective bid-ask spread and subsequently dummy variables for outliers. Secondly, after taking the company name and month of the first two hundred outliers, while keeping in consideration a filtering window of about one week, it was checked on Google if these outliers were probably caused by extreme events or the result of data errors and classified accordingly using a dummy variable. Thirdly, different filters which are used in financial literature for cleaning data before analysis were applied one by one in the next section and a comparison was made on how well each filter performed i.e. how many probable data erro rs were filtered out as opposed to outliers probably caused by extreme events. These filters were chosen on the basis of how commonly they are used for cleaning financial data and some of the popular ones were selected. 4.1. Rule of Thumb One of the most widely used methods of filtering is to use some rule of thumb to remove observations that are too extreme to possibly be accurate. Many studies use different rules of thumb, some more arbitrary than others.[5] Few of these rules were taken from famous papers on market microstructure and their impact on outliers was analyzed. For e.g.: 4.1.1. Quoted and Effective Spread Filter In the paper Market Liquidity and Trading Activity, Chordia et al (2000) filter out data by looking at effective and quoted spread to remove observations that they believe are caused by key-punching errors.   This method involved dropping observations with: Quoted Spread > à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬5 Effective Spread/Quoted spread > 4.0 % Effective Spread/%Quoted Spread > 4.0 Quoted Spread/Transaction Price > 0.4 Using the above filters resulted in the identification and consequent dropping of 61.5% of observations classified as probable data errors, whereas none of the observations classified as probable extreme events were filtered out. Thus, these spread filter looks very promising as a reasonably large portion of probable data errors was removed while none of the probable extreme events were dropped. The reason why these filters produced good results was because it looked at the individual values of quoted and effective spread and removed the ones that did not make sense logically rather than just removing values from the tails of the distribution for each variable. It should be noted that these filters removed all the ninety four missing values, which means that only five data errors were detected in addition to the detection of all the missing values. If we were to drop all the missing value observations before applying this method, it would have helped filter out only 7.5%[6] of probab le data errors while not dropping any probable extreme values. Thus, this method yields good results and should be included in the data cleaning process. Perhaps, using this filter in conjunction with a logical threshold filter for depth, trading volume and returns might yield optimal results. 4.1.2. Absolute Returns Filter Researchers are also known to drop absolute returns if they are above a certain threshold/ return window in the process of data cleaning. This threshold is subjective depending on the distribution of returns, varying from one study to another for e.g. HS use 10% threshold, Chung et al. 25% and Bessembinder 50%.[7] In case of this paper, we decided to drop (absolute) closing quote midpoint returns > |20%|. Perhaps, a graphical representation of time series returns of 313music JWP 3U Holding can be used to explain why this particular threshold was chosen. Figure 1. Scatter plot of closing quote midpoint return and date As seen in the graph, most of the observations for returns lie between -20% and 20%. However, applying this filter did not yield the best results as only 2.5% of probable data errors were filtered out as opposed to 10.3% probable extreme events from our sample. Therefore, this filter applied in isolation doesnt really seem to hold much value. Perhaps, an improvement to this filter could be achieved by only dropping returns which are extreme but reversed[8] within the next few days as this is indicative of data error. For e.g. if T1 return= 5%, T2 return= 21% and T3 return=7%, we can tell that in T3 returns were reversed, indicating that T2 returns might have been the result of a data error. This filter was implemented by only dropping return values > |20%| which in the next day or two, reverted back to the value of return, +/- 3%[9]of the day before the outlier occurred as shown below: r(_n)> |20%| |r(n-1) -r(n+1)| |r(n-1) -r(n+2)| Where r(_n) is closing quote midpoint return on any given day. This additional filter seemed to work as it prevented the filtering out of any probable extreme events. However, the percentage of filtered data errors from our sample fell from 2.5% to 1.9%. In conclusion, it makes sense to use this second return filter which accounts for reversals in conjunction with other filters for e.g. spread filter. Perhaps, this method can be further improved by using a somewhat more objective range for determining price reversals or an improved algorithm for identifying return reversals. 4.1.3. Price Filter We constructed a price filter inspired by the Brownlees Gallo (2006) approach. The notion behind this filter is to gauge the validity of any transaction price based on its comparative distance to the neighboring prices. An outlier was identified using the following algorithm: | pi -   ÃŽÂ ¼ | > 3*à Ã†â€™ Where pi is the log of daily transaction price, the reason why logarithmic transformation was used is because the standard deviation method assumes a normal distribution.[10] ÃŽÂ ¼ is the stock sorted mean and à Ã†â€™ is the stock sorted standard deviation of log daily prices. The reason why we chose the stock sorted mean and standard deviation was that the range of prices vary greatly in our data set from one stock to another, hence, it made sense to look at each stocks individual price mean as an estimate of neighboring prices. This resulted in filtering 56.5% of probable data errors which were all missing values. Thus, this filter doesnt seem to hold any real value when used in conjunction with a missing value filter. Perhaps, using a better algorithm for identifying the mean price of the closest neighbors might yield optimal results. 4.2. Winsorization and Trimming A very popular filtering method used in financial literature is trimming or winsorization. According to Green Martin (2015a), p. 8, if we want to winsorize the variables of interest at ÃŽÂ ±%, we must replace the nÃŽÂ ± largest values by the nÃŽÂ ± upper quantile of the data, and the nÃŽÂ ± smallest values by the nÃŽÂ ± lower quantile of the data. Whereas, if we want to trim the variables of interest by ÃŽÂ ±%, we should simply drop observations outside the range of ÃŽÂ ±% to 1- ÃŽÂ ±%. Thus, winsorization only reduces extreme observations rather than dropping them completely like trimming. For the purpose this paper, both methods will have similar impacts on dropping outliers outside certain ÃŽÂ ±%, hence, we will only analyze winsorization in detail. However, winsorization introduces an artificial structure[11] to the dataset because instead of dropping outliers it changes them, therefore, if this research was to be taken a step further for e.g. to condu ct robust regressions, choosing one method over the other would depend entirely on the kind of research being conducted. The matter of how much to winsorize the variables, is completely arbitrary,10 however, it is a common practice in empirical finance to winsorize each tail of the distribution at 1% or 0.5%.5 We first winsorized the variables of interest at the 1% level, on a stock basis, which led to limiting 100% of probable extreme events and only 42.9% of probable data errors. Even though intuitively it would make sense for all the identified outliers to be limited because the method used for identifying outliers for each variable considered observations which were either greater than the 99th percentile or less than the 1st percentile, and winsorizing the data at the same level should mean that all the outliers would be limited. However, this inconsistency in expectation and outcome results from the existence of missing values winsorization only limits the extreme values in the data, overlooking the missing observations which have been included in data errors. We then winsorized the variables of interest at a more stringent level i.e. 0.5%, on a stock basis, which led to 51.3% of the identified data errors and 18.6% of probable extreme events to be limited which doesnt exactly seem ideal as in addition to data errors, quite a large portion of extreme events identified was also filtered out. Taking this analysis a step further, the variables of interest were also winsorized on the whole data (which is also commonly done) as opposed to on a per stock basis, at the 0.5% and 1% level. Winsorizing at the 1% level led to limiting 51% extreme events, 24.2% data errors and an additional one thirty four observations in the sample not identified as outliers. This points toward over filtering. Doing it at the 0.5% level led to limiting 28% extreme events, 12.4% data errors and an additional seven observations in the sample not identified as outliers. Thus, it seems that no matter which level (1% or 0.5%) we winsorize on or whether we do it on a per stock basis or on the whole data, a considerable percentage of probable extreme events is filtered out. Of course, our definition of an outlier should also be taken into consideration when analyzing this filter. Winsorizing on a per stock basis does not yield very meaningful results as it clashes with our outlier definition. However, doing it on the whole data should not clash with this definition as we identify outliers outside the 1st and the 99th percentile of each variable on the data as a whole. Regardless, this filter doesnt yield optimal results as a substantial portion of probable extreme events get filtered out. This is because this technique doesnt define boundaries for the variables logically like the rule of thumb method, rather it inherently assumes that all outliers outside a pre-defined percentile must be evened out and outliers caused by extreme events dont necessarily lie within the defined boundary. It must also be noted that the winsorization filter does not limit missing values which are also clas sified as data errors in this paper. Thus, our analysis indicates that this filter might be weak if we are interested in retaining the maximum amount of probable extreme events. Perhaps, using it with an additional filter for limiting missing values might yield a better solution if the researcher is willing to drop probable extreme events for the sake of dropping probable data errors. 4.3. Standard Deviations Logarithmic transformation Many financial papers also use a filter based on x times the standard deviation: xi > ÃŽÂ ¼ + x*à Ã†â€™ xi x* à Ã†â€™ Where xi is any given observation of the variable of interest, ÃŽÂ ¼ is the variable mean and à Ã†â€™ is variable standard deviation.[12] An example would be Goodhart and Figliuoli (1991) who use a filter based on four times the standard deviation.[13] However, this method assumes a normal distribution, 9 so problems might arise with distributions that are not normal and in our data set, except for returns (because we calculated them using log), the rest of the distributions for depth, trading volume, effective and quoted bid-ask spread are not normally distributed. Therefore, we first log transformed the latter four distributions using: y = log (x)[14] Where y is the log transformed function and x is the original function. The before and after graphs, using log transformation are shown in Exhibit 4. We then dropped observations for all the log transformed variables that were greater than Mean + x*Standard Deviation or less than Mean x*Standard Deviation, first on a stock basis and then on the whole data for values of x=4 and x=6. Applying this filter at the x=6 level on a stock basis seemed to yield better results than applying it at the x=4 level. This is because x=6 led to dropping 25.6% less probable extreme events for a negligible 3.1% fall in dropping probable data errors. The outcomes are shown in Exhibit 3. However, upon further investigation, we found that 100% of the probable data errors identified by the standard deviation filter at the x=6 level were all missing values. This means that if we dropped all missing values before applying this filter at this level, our results would be very different as this filter would be dropping 7.7% extreme events for no drop in data errors. Applying this filter on the whole data led to the removal of less outlier than applying it on a per stock basis. Using the x=6 level (whole data) appeared to yield the best results 58.4% of probable data errors were filtered out while no probable extreme events were dropped. For more detailed results, refer to Exhibit 3. However, even in this case, 100% of the probable data errors identified were missing values. This means that if we were to drop all missing values before applying this filter, this filter would identify 0% of the probable extreme events or probable data errors. Thus, the question arises if we are actually over filtering at this level? If yes, then should x Data cleaning is an extremely arbitrary process which makes it quite impossible to objectively decide the level of optimal filtering, which is perhaps, the reason behind limited research in this area. This limitation of research in this particular field and inevitably this paper should be noted. That being said, even though some filters chosen were more arbitrary than others, we have made an attempt to objectively analyze the impact of each filter applied. The issue of missing values for any of the variables should be taken into consideration because they are data errors and if we were to ignore them, they would distort our analysis because they interact with the various filters applied. Alternatively, we could have dropped them before starting our analysis, but we dont know if researchers would choose to change them to the closest value for instance or filter them out, therefore, its interesting to see how the filters interact with them. Our analysis indicates that when it comes to the optimal amount of data cleaning, rule of thumb filters fare better than statistical filters like trimming, winsorization and the standard deviation method. This is because statistical filters assume that any extreme value outside a specified window must be a data error and should be filtered out but as our analysis indicates, extreme events dont necessarily lie within this specified window. On the other hand, rule of thumb filters set logical thresholds, rather than just removing/limiting observations from each tail of the distribution. The outcomes of different filters which are shown in exhibit 1, 2 and 3 are represented graphically below. Figure 2. Box plot of outcomes of all the data cleaning methods As shown in section 4.2 and the graph above, Winsorization whether on a stock basis or on the whole data, tends to filter out a large portion of probable extreme events. Thus, it is not a robust filter if we want to retain maximum probable extreme events and should be probably avoided if possible. As far as the standard deviation filter is concerned, as shown in section 4.3, applying it at the x = 6 level, whether on a per stock or whole data basis, seems to perform well but it is not of much value if combined with a missing values filter and all other scenarios tested, actually dropped more probable extreme events than data errors. Therefore, it is not advisable to simply drop outliers existing at the tails of distributions without understanding the cause behind their existence. This leaves us with the rule of thumb filters. We combined the filters that performed optimally spread and additional return filter which accounts for reversals, along with a filter for removing the missing values. This resulted in dropping one hundred and two i.e. 63.4% of all probable data errors without removing any probable extreme events. At this point, a payoff has been made: in order to not drop any probable extreme events, we have foregone dropping some extra probable data errors because over scrubbing is a serious form of risk.[15] This highlights the struggle of optimal data cleaning, because researchers often dont have the time to check the reason behind the occurrence of an outlier, they end up removing probable extreme events in the quest to drop probable data errors. Thus, the researcher has to first determine what optimal filtering really means to him does it mean not dropping any probable extreme events albeit at the expense of keeping some data errors like done in this paper, or does it mean giving precedence to dropping maximum amount of data errors, albeit at the expense of dropping probable extreme events? In the latter case, statistical filters like trimming, win sorization and standard deviation method should also be carefully used. The limitations of this paper should also be recognized. Firstly, only two hundred outliers were analyzed due to time constraint, maybe, future research in the area can look at a larger sample to get more insightful results. Secondly, other variables can also be looked at in addition to depth, volume, spread and returns and more popular filters can be applied and tested on them. Moreover, a different definition can be used to define an outlier or to select the sample for e.g. the two hundred outliers could have been selected randomly or based on their level of extremeness but close attention must be paid to avoid sample biases. Future research in this field should perhaps, also focus on developing more objective filters and method of classifying outliers as probable extreme events. It should also look into the impact of using the above[16]two approaches of optimal filtering on the results of empirical research for e.g. on robust regressions, to verify which approach of optimal filtering performs the best. Table 1: Outcome of Rule of Thumb Filters Applied Table 2: Outcome of Winsorization Filters Applied Table 3: Outcome of Standard Deviation Filters Applied Figure 3: Kernel Distribution before and after log transformation 3.1 Depth 3.2 Effective Spread 3.3 Quoted Spread 3.4 Volume   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Figure 4. Kernel Distribution before and after log transformation of transaction price   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   References Bollerslev, T./Hood, B./Huss, J./Pedersen, L. (2016): Risk Everywhere: Modeling and Managing Volatility, Duke University, Working Paper, p. 59. Brownlees, C. T/Gallo, M. G. (2006): Financial Econometric Analysis at Ultra-High Frequency: Data Handling Concerns. SSRN Electronic Journal, p. 6 Chordia, T./Roll, R./Subrahmanyam, A (2000): Market Liquidity and Trading Activity, SSRN Electronic Journal 5, p. 5 Dacorogna, M./Mà ¼ller U./Nagler R./Olsen R./Pictet, O (1993): A geographical model for the daily and weekly seasonal volatility in the foreign exchange market, Journal of International Money and Finance, p. 83-84 Dacorogna, M (2008): An introduction to high-frequency finance, Academic Press, San Diego, p. 85 Eckbo, B. E. (2008): Handbook of Empirical Corporate Finance SET, Google Books, p. 172 https://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0080559565 Falkenberry, T. N. (2002): High Frequency Data Filtering, S3 Amazon, https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/tick-data-s3/pdf/Tick_Data_Filtering_White_Paper.pdf Goodhart, C./Figliuoli, L. (1991): Every minute counts in financial markets, Journal of International Money and Finance 10.1 Green, C. G./Martin D. (2015): Diagnosing the Presence of Multivariate Outliers in Fundamental Factor Data using Calibrated Robust Mahalanobis Distances. University of Washington, Working paper, p. 2, 8 Hussain, S. M (2011): The Intraday Behaviour of Bid-Ask Spreads, Trading Volume and Return Volatility: Evidence from DAX30, International Journal of Economics and Finance, p. 2 Laurent, A. G. (1963): The Lognormal Distribution and the Translation Method: Description and Estimation Problems. Journal of the American Statistical Association, p. 1 Leys, C./Klein O./Bernard P./Licata L. (2013):   Detecting outliers: Do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, p. 764 Scharnowski, S. (2016): Extreme Event or Data Error?, Presentation of Seminar Topics (Market Microstructure), Mannheim, Presentation Seo, S. (2006): A Review and Comparison of Methods for Detecting Outliers in Univariate Data Sets, University of Pittsburg, Thesis, p. 6 Verousis, T./Gwilym O. (2010): An improved algorithm for cleaning Ultra High-Frequency data, Journal of Derivativ

Ethnography :: Anthropology Culture Reflexivity Papers

Ethnography Personal experience and reflexivity should be used within anthropology as a tool to reflect on the culture that is being studied and not a refocusing of attention on the self. Works such as Dorinne Kondo’s â€Å"Dissolution and Reconstitution of Self,† use the idea of reflexivity as a mirror in which to view the culture being studied in a different manner. This use of reflexivity allows for the focus to stay on the culture being studied. A move away from this is the new branch of humanistic anthropology represented in this essay by Renato Rosaldo’s â€Å"Grief and a Headhunter’s Rage† and Ruth Behar’s â€Å"Anthropology that Breaks Your Heart† allows anthropologists to use reflexivity as a way to explore universal human feelings. For me, this is not the study of anthropology as much as self-reflexive psychology. The focus shifts from culture to self. The anthropologists completely understands the feelings of the people he/she is studying. I think that it is rather ambitious to state that emotion is univeral, and I do not think that it is the job of anthropologists to do so. The reflexive voice is a necessary aspect of ethnographic writing, but the anthropologist must be careful not to shift focus from concentrating on culture to concentrating on herself. Dorinne Kondo does an excellent job in her essay â€Å"Dissolution and Reconstitution of Self†in using the reflexive voice as a way in which to describe culture and break down the observer/Other dichotomy by giving agency and power to her informants. Not only does the anthropologist interpret the people, but the people give their interpretation of the anthropologist. She states: I emphasize here the collusion between all parties involved, for it is important to recognize the ways in which informmants are also actors and agents, and that the negotiation of reality that takes place in the doing of ethnography involves complex and shifting relations of power in which the ethnographrapher acts and is also acted upon. (Kondo 75) Kondo acknowledges the affect that the Japanese have on her character and by so doing she acknowledges their power. Instead of standing in the place of supreme authority, the anthropologist, by using reflexivity, can give the authority to her informants. Not only was she reflexively examining her positioning and the affect it would have on her informants, but she also looks at the affect that her informants have on her while still centering her discussion on the culture being studied.

Nonprofit versus For-Profit Healthcare and Organizations Essay

Abstract This paper explores articles and research conducted on nonprofit versus For-Profit Healthcare and Organizations. There are three types of entities that own hospitals, which are: nonprofit, for-profit, and government. However, it can’t be determined if they specialize in different medical services or how their service profits affect certain specializations. More than likely, the for-profits offer profitable medical services that benefit the organization, which would lead to believe that the nonprofits are in the middle, leaving the government with offering the unprofitable services. The for-profits are also quite responsive to the changes associated with service profitability than the nonprofit or government entities. Therefore, it would be necessary to evaluate the value of nonprofit hospital ownership and differentiate between the service offerings amongst the hospital types. Looking into the ways that for-profit hospitals make profits, it would be necessary to take into consideration the geographical location versus the well insured citizens that are located within the area. This paper also looks into the assumption that all general hospitals are relatively alike in the services provided, regardless of ownership†¦. but also that these entities would vary in their patient mixture. In my research, this paper is for the recognition of profit making and to introduce the idea that for-profit healthcare and organizations are more opt to decide on which medical services to offer based on the service profitability. In our country nonprofit hospitals account for a major portion of the urban areas, while the remainder being for-profit or governmental ownership operating under different legal rules. When we evaluate the interests associated within the healthcare industry, we must take into consideration the value it has on today’s society and economy. This issue has been heavily debated in that there have been raising questions as to the fact of the similarities between non-profit organizations and for-profit organizations. In analyzing these issues, it must also show relevance as to the accountability of the evidence and material that supports the policies regarding ownership. From our standpoint here in the United States, hospitals take the foremost credit as being the largest healthcare organization in the country. When we look into classification however, it can be noted that private hospitals have the ability to be classed as for-profit or non-profit organizations due to independent regulatory rules that separate the two. From a non-profit standpoint, these type organizations are not required to pay sales, income, or property tax. And to further introduce the non-profit organizations, it is within reason to understand that they were established with the intention of providing specific social services to meet the needs of poor citizens. For this reason, is why not-for-profit healthcare and those hospitals and organizations that are associated within its boundaries†¦ are exempt from paying taxes. This is a major factor as to how and why these type organizations operate. When realizing the importance of non-profit healthcare and organizations, it is fair to say†¦ that although they are deemed to be prestigious organizations, they are often not regarded as such. For-profit, nonprofit, and governmental organizations operate under different legal rules. These rules would explain how profits are shared and distributed to shareholders in for-profit organizations, and how government and nonprofit hospitals are tax exempt. Although these rules impact operations, they provide the basis as to the similarity in healthcare services rendered†¦ contracting with the same insurers and government payers†¦ operating under the same healthcare regulations†¦ and employ with similar if not the same training and ethical obligations. Just because an organization may be for-profit, does not mean that they traditionally provide lower quality services and higher costs. However, in some cases where this is a factor, it causes a change in operations in that it creates a negative effect on the availability of healthcare. Nonprofit organizations such as hospitals, often switch to for-profit due to the issues related with their financial instability to operate in that status and remain open. This change allows them to improve their financial standings, reduce Medicare costs, and generate higher revenues. It also allows the investors and shareholders to have a bigger impact on operations and funding. Due to the rising high costs associated with healthcare, the United States has had an increase in the amount of nonprofit healthcare organizations converting over to for-profit. Since those changes have been made, it has allowed more facilities to remain open, continue offering healthcare to citizens, and functioning to service communities. This also shows face as to why and how nonprofit healthcare organizations offset costs by charging more to their patients that have the ability to pay for services. On the other hand, for-profit healthcare organizations exploit these means as a profitable turnkey business necessity. However in this case, it makes the profits visible which in turn keep costs down for all patients, and not differentiate between social status. In conclusion, when evaluating avenues for improvement of the financial and operational performance of nonprofit healthcare organizations, it is impertinent that these organizations monitor the contributions required to be made in order to operate under the tax exempt status. When this does not occur, is when fines, closures, and investigations take place ultimately contributing to additional costs and substandard performance. Just as well when evaluating avenues for improvement of the financial and operational performance of for-profit healthcare organizations, it is impertinent that the options provided to citizens covered by healthcare plans, are up to standards. In doing so, they are provided the best care at reasonable costs due to donations, stockholders, and board members that have a particular interest in the care of the citizens which reflects on the success of the organization and the level of care given. References Anika Clark (2012). Nonprofit vs. for-profit health care: Debate hits home. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20120503/NEWS/205030347. [Last Accessed Nov. 20, 2012]. Steven Hill (2011). Non-Profit vs. For-Profit health care: How to Win the Looming Battle Over Cost Control.

Biography of Kate Chase Sprague, Political Daughter

Kate Chase Sprague (born Catherine Jane Chase; August 13, 1840–July 31, 1899) was a society hostess during the Civil War years in Washington, D.C. She was celebrated for her beauty, intellect, and political savvy. Her father was Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase, part of President Abraham Lincolns Team of Rivals, and later served as secretary of state and chief justice of the United States Supreme Court. Kate helped promote her fathers political ambitions before she became embroiled in a scandalous marriage and divorce. Fast Facts: Kate Chase Sprague Known For:  Socialite, daughter of a prominent politician, embroiled in a scandalous marriage and divorceAlso Known As:  Kate Chase, Katherine ChaseBorn:  August 13, 1840 in Cincinnati, OhioParents: Salmon Portland Chase and Eliza Ann Smith ChaseDied:  July 31, 1899 in Washington, D.C.Education: Miss Haines School, Lewis Heyl’s SeminarySpouse: William SpragueChildren: William, Ethel, Portia, Catherine (or Kitty)Notable Quote: â€Å"Mrs. Lincoln was piqued that I did not remain at Columbus to see her, and I have always felt that this was the chief reason why she did not like me at Washington.† Early Life Kate Chase was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on August 13, 1840.  Her father was Salmon P. Chase and her mother was Eliza Ann Smith, his second wife.   In 1845, Kate’s mother died, and her father remarried the next year.  He had another daughter, Nettie, with his third wife Sarah Ludlow. Kate was jealous of her stepmother and so her father sent her to the fashionable and rigorous Miss Haines School in New York City in 1846.  Kate graduated in 1856 and returned to Columbus. Ohio’s First Lady In 1849 while Kate was at school, her father was elected to the U.S. Senate as a representative of the Free Soil Party.  His third wife died in 1852, and in 1856 he was elected as Ohio’s governor.  Kate, at age 16, had recently returned from boarding school and became close to her father, serving as his official hostess at the governor’s mansion.  Kate also began serving as her father’s secretary and advisor and was able to meet many prominent political figures. In 1859, Kate failed to attend a reception for the wife of Illinois Senator Abraham Lincoln. Kate said of this occasion, â€Å"Mrs. Lincoln was piqued that I did not remain at Columbus to see her, and I have always felt that this was the chief reason why she did not like me at Washington.† Salmon Chase had a more momentous rivalry with Senator Lincoln, competing with him for the Republican nomination for president in 1860. Kate Chase accompanied her father to Chicago for the national Republican convention, where Lincoln prevailed. Kate Chase in Washington Although Salmon Chase had failed in his attempt to become president, Lincoln appointed him secretary of the treasury. Kate accompanied her father to Washington, D.C., where they moved into a rented mansion.  Kate held salons at the home from 1861 to 1863 and continued to serve as her father’s hostess and advisor. With her intellect, beauty, and expensive fashions, she was a central figure in Washington’s social scene. She was in direct competition with Mary Todd Lincoln. Mrs. Lincoln, as the White House hostess, had the position that Kate Chase coveted. The rivalry between the two was publicly noted. Kate Chase visited battle camps near Washington, D.C. and publicly criticized the president’s policies on the war. Suitors Kate had many suitors.  In 1862, she met newly elected Senator William Sprague from Rhode Island.  Sprague had inherited his family business in textile and locomotive manufacturing and was very wealthy. He had already been something of a hero in the early Civil War. He was elected Rhode Island’s governor in 1860 and in 1861, during his term in office, he enlisted in the Union Army. At the first Battle of Bull Run, he acquitted himself well. Wedding Kate Chase and William Sprague became engaged, though the relationship was stormy from the beginning. Sprague broke off the engagement briefly when he discovered Kate had had a romance with a married man. They reconciled and were married in an extravagant wedding at the Chase home on November 12, 1863. The press covered the ceremony.  A reported 500 to 600 guests attended and a crowd  also assembled outside the home. Sprague’s gift to his wife was a $50,000 tiara. President Lincoln and most of the cabinet attended. The press noted that the president arrived alone: Mary Todd Lincoln had snubbed Kate. Political Maneuvering Kate Chase Sprague and her new husband moved into her father’s mansion, and Kate continued to be the toast of the town and preside at social functions.  Salmon Chase bought land in suburban Washington, at Edgewood, and began to build his own mansion there. Kate helped advise and support her father’s 1864 attempt to be nominated over incumbent Abraham Lincoln by the Republican convention. William Sprague’s money helped support the campaign. Salmon Chase’s second attempt to become president also failed. Lincoln accepted his resignation as secretary of the treasury.  When Roger Taney died, Lincoln appointed Salmon P. Chase as chief justice of the Supreme Court. Early Marriage Troubles Kate and William Sprague’s first child and only son William was born in 1865.  By 1866, rumors that the marriage might end were quite public. William drank heavily, had open affairs, and was reported to be physically and verbally abusive to his wife. Kate, for her part, was extravagant with the family’s money. She spent lavishly on her father’s political career as well as fashion—even as she criticized Mary Todd Lincoln for her purported frivolous spending. 1868 Presidential Politics In 1868, Salmon P. Chase presided at the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson.  Chase already had his eye on the presidential nomination for later that year and Kate recognized that if Johnson was convicted, his successor would likely run as an incumbent, reducing Salmon Chase’s chances of nomination and election. Kate’s husband was among the senators voting on the impeachment. Like many Republicans, he voted for conviction, likely increasing tension between William and Kate.  Johnson’s conviction failed by one vote. Switching Parties Ulysses S. Grant won the Republican nomination for the presidency, and Salmon Chase decided to switch parties and run as a Democrat.  Kate accompanied her father to New York City, where the Tammany Hall convention did not select Salmon Chase. She blamed New York governor Samuel J. Tilden for engineering her father’s defeat. Historians deem it more likely that it was his support for voting rights for black men that led to Chases defeat.  Salmon Chase retired to his Edgewood mansion. Scandals and a Deteriorating Marriage Salmon Chase had become politically entangled with financier Jay Cooke, beginning with some special favors in 1862.  When criticized for accepting gifts as a public servant, Chase stated  that  a carriage from Cooke was actually a gift to his daughter. That same year, the Spragues built a massive mansion in Narragansett Pier, Rhode Island. Kate took many trips to Europe and New York City, spending heavily on furnishing the mansion. Her father wrote to her to caution her that she was being too extravagant with her husband’s money.  In 1869, Kate gave birth to her second child, this time a daughter named Ethel, though rumors of their deteriorating marriage increased. In 1872, Salmon Chase made yet another try for the presidential nomination, this time as a Republican.  He failed again and died the next year. More Scandals William Sprague’s finances suffered huge losses in the depression of 1873. After her father’s death, Kate began spending most of her time at her late fathers Edgewood mansion.  She also began an affair at some point with New York Senator Roscoe Conkling, with rumors spreading that her last two daughters were not her husband’s. After her father’s death, the affair became more and more public. With whispers of scandal, the men of Washington still attended many parties at Edgewood hosted by Kate Sprague. Their wives attended only if they had to. After William Sprague left the Senate in 1875, the attendance by the wives virtually ceased. In 1876, Kates paramour Senator Conkling was a key figure in the Senate’s deciding the presidential election in favor of Rutherford B. Hayes over Kate’s old enemy, Samuel J. Tilden. Tilden had won the popular vote. The Marriage Breaks Kate and William Sprague lived mostly separately, but in August of 1879, Kate and her daughters were at home in Rhode Island when William Sprague left on a business trip.  According to the sensational stories in the newspapers later, Sprague returned unexpectedly from his trip and found Kate with Conkling. Newspapers wrote that Sprague pursued Conkling into town with a shotgun, then imprisoned Kate and threatened to throw her out a second-floor window.  Kate and her daughters escaped with the help of servants and they returned to Edgewood. Divorce The next year, 1880, Kate filed for divorce. Pursuing a divorce was difficult for a woman under the laws of the time. She asked for custody of the four children and for the right to resume her maiden name, also unusual for the time. The case dragged on until 1882, when she won custody of their three daughters, with their son to remain with his father. She also won the right to be called Mrs. Kate Chase rather than using the name Sprague. Declining Fortune Kate took her three daughters to live in Europe in 1882 after the divorce was final. They lived there until 1886 when their money ran out, and she returned with her daughters to Edgewood. Chase began selling off the furniture and silver and mortgaging the home.  She was reduced to selling milk and eggs door to door to sustain herself.  In 1890, her son committed suicide at age 25, which caused Kate to become more reclusive. Her daughters Ethel and Portia moved out, Portia to Rhode Island and Ethel, who married, to Brooklyn, New York.  Kitty was mentally disabled and lived with her mother. In 1896, a group of admirers of Kate’s father paid the mortgage on Edgewood, allowing her some financial security.  Henry Villard, married to the daughter of abolitionist William Garrison, headed that effort. Death In 1899 after ignoring a serious illness for some time, Kate sought medical help for liver and kidney disease.  She died on July 31, 1899, of Bright’s disease, with her three daughters at her side. A U.S. government car brought her back to Columbus, Ohio, where she was buried next to her father.  Obituaries called her by her married name, Kate Chase Sprague. Legacy Despite her unhappy marriage and the devastation wrought on her reputation and clout by the scandal of her infidelity, Kate Chase Sprague is remembered as a remarkably brilliant and accomplished woman. As her fathers de facto campaign manager and as a central Washington society hostess, she wielded political power during the greatest crisis in United States history, the Civil War and its aftermath. Sources Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. Simon and Schuster, 2005.  Ishbel Ross. Proud Kate, Portrait of an Ambitious Woman. Harper, 1953.â€Å"Notable Visitors: Kate Chase Sprague (1840-1899).†Ã‚  Mr. Lincolns White House, www.mrlincolnswhitehouse.org/residents-visitors/notable-visitors/notable-visitors-kate-chase-sprague-1840-1899/.Oller, John. American Queen: The Rise and Fall of Kate Chase Sprague, Civil War â€Å"Belle of the North and Gilded Age Woman of Scandal. Da Capo Press, 2014